The very first musical instruments were. What is the oldest musical instrument
Modern scientists believe that the first representatives of Homo sapiens, Homo Sapiens, appeared in Africa about 160 thousand years ago. Somewhere one hundred and ten thousand years later, primitive people settled on all the continents of our planet. And they have already brought music to new lands in its primitive form. Different tribes had different musical forms, but common primary sources can be clearly traced. It follows that music as a phenomenon originated on the African continent before the settlement of prehistoric people around the world. And it was at least 50 thousand years ago.
Terminology
Prehistoric music manifested itself in an oral musical tradition. Otherwise, it is called primitive. The term "prehistoric" is usually applied to the musical tradition of the ancient European peoples, and in relation to the music of representatives of other continents, other terms are used - folklore, traditional, folk.
ancient musical instruments
The first musical sounds are human imitations of the voices of animals and birds during the hunt. And the first ever musical instrument is the human voice. With the effort of the vocal cords, even then a person could masterfully reproduce sounds in a wide range: from the singing of exotic birds and the chirping of insects to the roar of a wild beast.
The hyoid bone, which is responsible for the production of sounds, according to anthropologists, formed about 60 thousand years ago. Here is another starting date in the history of music.
But prehistoric music was produced not only by voice. There were others, in particular palms. Clapping hands or knocking stones against each other are the first manifestations of rhythm created by man. And one of the subspecies of primitive music is the sound of grinding grain in the shack of primitive man.
The first prehistoric musical instrument, the existence of which is officially confirmed by archaeologists, is. In its original form, it was a whistle. The whistling tube acquired finger holes and became a full-fledged musical instrument, which was gradually improved to the form of a modern flute. Flute prototypes were found during excavations in southwestern Germany, dating back to the period of 35-40 thousand years BC.
Role of prehistoric music
Many believe that music can subdue the most ferocious animal. And the ancient man subconsciously began to use sounds to attract or repel animals. The opposite is also possible: that music pacified man, turning him from a beast into a thinking and feeling being.
The prehistoric period in the history of music ends at the moment when music passes from the oral tradition to the written one.
Introduction
Mumzyka (Greek mphukyu, adjective from Greek mpeub - muzza) is an art, the means of embodying artistic images for which are sound and silence, organized in a special way in time.
Music is one of the spiritual needs of man. We do not even suspect how deeply it has seeped into our lives. It is subject to our mood, the depth of emotions and even health.
I cannot ignore the mysterious death of the Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Until now, Mozart's death is the subject of controversy, and yet it is believed that he died from an incurable fever. But there is a legend that Wolfgang died from his requiem. Allegedly, he wrote it, realizing that he was writing it for himself.
Music also stimulates our memory. It often happens that after listening to a certain song or music, something very important for us is remembered, whether it is a memory from childhood or just emotions that we have not experienced for a long time.
Each person, in fact, knows how to create a melody. Whether it's playing the piano, flute, guitar, or even just whistling. In all films, concerts, theatrical scenes, there are some melodic sounds. Why is this being done? And then, so that we better understand what kind of emotions the protagonist of the work experiences.
Almost at all times and among all the peoples of the world, music has been used as the main “means of healing” for various somatic diseases and mental conditions. Primitive people believed that sound magically connects the forces of heaven and earth, thereby returning the lost soul back to the body, achieving harmony.
The question arises: what is the history of musical instruments that gave us this great art, and specifically Russian folk?
Purpose: To determine the role of music and musical instruments in Russia.
1. Consider the history of the first musical instrument.
2. Consider the history of ancient Russian instruments.
3. Consider the principle of manufacturing some ancient Russian musical instruments.
4. Folk traditions and the role of musical instruments in them.
Main part
First musical instrument
In fact, this is a very controversial issue. Of course, if you think logically, the first melodic sounds were made by the person himself, or rather by living organisms, the same birds. After digging in the World Wide Web, I realized that I would not find a definite answer to this question, all articles talk about mythical creatures and gods. And yet, I think that even an ancient person came up with the idea of extracting sounds from improvised objects. Most likely, it was intended to communicate and transmit a signal to each other, that is, this instrument was supposed to transmit an alarm sign and some fees for a collective hunt or war. The simplest musical invention that came to my mind is a percussion instrument. Of course, he does not emit pleasant notes, but he creates a rhythm. Therefore, I will adhere to this point of view.
Idnophone - this is the name of the first in the class of percussion instruments (Figure No. 1). It began its existence during the development of the speech of primitive man. They were given signals for gatherings of the community, religious rites were accompanied by drum rhythms, and warriors were alarmed. Various ritual dances were performed to drum accompaniment. Clear rhythms synchronize consciousness, create a certain general mood and even plunge you into a trance.
The first drums were a hollow tree trunk of a certain size with an animal skin stretched over it. The drum was treated with blessings. For touching him, without permission, a person could be killed. In Africa, even now there is a rite - in the event of the death of a drummer, his drum is also buried, only in the cemetery of drums. The percussion group of instruments is the very first in appearance and the very first in terms of the number of instruments in the group. These are timpani, xylophones, vibraphones, metallophones, various cymbals, percussin and actual drums of various sizes.
The incendiary rhythms that the most ancient musical instrument adds to music awaken the dormant energy inside a person, making it beat in key, vibrate and respond to the eternal rhythms of life.
In Russia, without exception, all drums were called tambourines, and drumming was called "rattling" or "shocking".
Surprisingly, the man himself is considered the first musical instrument, and the sound that he makes is his own voice. Primitive people, with the help of their voice, informed their fellow tribesmen about their emotions and transmitted information. At the same time, in order to add brightness to their story, they clapped their hands, stamped their feet, knocked stones or sticks. Gradually, ordinary objects that surrounded a person began to transform into musical instruments.
According to the method of extracting sounds, musical instruments can be divided into percussion, wind and strings. How and when man first began to use objects to create music is unknown. But historians suggest the following development of events.
Percussion instruments were made from carefully dried animal skins and various hollow objects: large fruit shells, large wooden decks. People beat them with sticks, palms, fingers. The extracted melodies were used in ritual ceremonies and military operations.
Wind instruments were made from animal horns, bamboo and reed reeds, and hollow animal bones. Such objects became a musical instrument when a person thought of making special holes in them. In the southwest of Germany, the remains of an ancient flute were found, whose age exceeds 35 thousand years! Moreover, there are references to such tools in ancient rock paintings.
The hunting bow is considered the first stringed instrument. An ancient hunter, pulling on a bowstring, noticed that from a pinch it begins to “sing”. And if you run an animal with your fingers along a stretched vein, it “sings” even better. The sound will be long if the vein is rubbed with animal hair. So a man came up with a bow and a stick with a bunch of hair stretched over it, which was driven along a string of animal veins.
The most ancient, with an age of more than 4500 years, are the lyre and harp, which were used by many peoples of that time. Of course, it is impossible to say exactly what those ancient instruments looked like. One thing is clear that musical instruments, albeit rather primitive, were part of the culture of primitive people.
21 Nov 2015History of musical instruments. Video lesson.
When did musical instruments originate? You can get very different answers to this question (from 100 years to tens of thousands). In reality, no one can answer this question, since it is unknown. But it is known that one of the most ancient tools found during archaeological excavations is more 40 thousand years(it was a flute made from an animal bone, the femur of a cave bear). But wind instruments did not appear first, which means that musical instruments appeared even earlier.
What was the first instrument?
The first prototype of a musical instrument was human hands. At first, people sang, clapping their hands, which were, as it were, his musical instrument. Then people began to pick up two sticks, two stones, two shells, and instead of clapping their hands, they hit each other with these objects, while receiving various sounds. The toolkit of people largely depended on the area where they lived. If they lived in the forest zone, then they took 2 sticks, if they lived by the sea - 2 shells, etc.
Thus, instruments appear, the sound of which is extracted by means of a blow, therefore such instruments are called percussion .
The most common percussion instrument is, of course, drum . But the invention of the drum belongs to a much later time. How this happened, we cannot now say. We can only guess. For example, once, having hit a hollowed tree in order to drive out bees from there and take honey from them, a person listened to an unusually booming sound that comes from hitting a hollowed tree, and he came up with the idea to use it in his orchestra. Then people realized that it was not necessary to look for a hollow tree, but you could take some kind of stump and hollow out the middle in it. Well, if you wrap it on one side with the skin of a dead animal, you get a tool very similar to drum. Many peoples have tools of a similar design. The only difference is that they are made of different materials and slightly different in shape.
In the music of different nations, percussion instruments play a different role. They played a particularly important role in the music of African peoples. There were various drums, from small drums to huge drums, reaching 3 meters. The sound of these huge drums could be heard for several kilometers.
There was a very sad period in history associated with the slave trade. Europeans or Americans sailed to the African continent to capture and then sell its inhabitants. Sometimes when they came to the village, they did not find anyone there, the inhabitants had time to leave from there. This happened because the sounds of the drum that came from the neighboring village warned them about this, i.e. people understood the "language" of drums.
Thus, the first group percussion instruments .
What group of instruments appeared after the drums? These were wind Instruments, which are called so because the sound is extracted from them by blowing in air. What led a person to the invention of these tools, we also do not know, but we can only assume something. For example, one day, while hunting, a man went to the shore of a lake. A strong wind was blowing and suddenly a man heard a sound. At first, he was wary, but upon listening, he realized that it was a broken reed that sounded. Then the man thought: “What if you yourself break the reed, and blowing air into it, try to make it sound?” Having successfully done this, people learned to extract sounds by blowing air. Then the man realized that a short reed makes higher sounds, and a long one lower ones. People began to tie reeds of different lengths and, thanks to this, extract sounds of different heights. Such an instrument is often referred to as the Pan flute.
This is due to the legend that a long time ago in ancient Greece there lived a goat-footed god named Pan. One day he was walking through the forest and suddenly saw a beautiful nymph named Syrinx. Pan to her... And the beautiful nymph took a dislike to Pan and began to run away from him. She runs and runs, and Pan is already catching up with her. Syrinx prayed to her father - the river god, that he would save her. Her father turned her into a reed. Pan cut that reed and made himself a pipe out of it. And let's play it. No one knows that it is not the flute that sings, but the sweet-voiced nymph Syrinx.
Since then, it has become customary that multi-barreled flutes, similar to a fence of shortened reed pipes, are called Pan flutes - on behalf of the ancient Greek god of fields, forests and grasses. And in Greece itself, it is now often called the syrinx. Many nations have such instruments, only they are called differently. The Russians have kugikly, kuvikly or kuvichki, the Georgians have larchemi (soinari), in Lithuania - skuduchay, in Moldova and Romania - nai or muskal, among the Latin American Indians - samponyo. Some call Pan's flute a flute.
Even later, people realized that it was not necessary to take several pipes, but it was possible to make several holes in one pipe, and by clamping them in a certain way, extract various sounds.
When our distant ancestors made some inanimate object sound, it seemed to them a real miracle: before their eyes, dead objects came to life, gained a voice. There are many legends and songs about the singing reed. One of them tells how a reed grew on the grave of a murdered girl, when they cut it and made a flute out of it, she sang and told in a human voice about the death of the girl, named the name of the killer. This tale was translated into verse by the great Russian poet M.Yu. Lermontov.
Cheerful fisherman sat
On the banks of the river
And in front of him in the wind
The reeds swayed.
He cut the dry reed
And pierced the wells
He pinched one end
Blowed at the other end.
And as if animated, the reed spoke -
Thus arose the second group of musical instruments, which are called wind
Well, the third group of musical instruments, as you probably already guessed, is string group of instruments . And the very first stringed instrument was a simple hunting bow. Many times before hunting, a person checked whether the bowstring. And one day, having listened to this melodious sound of a bowstring, a man decided to use it in his orchestra. He realized that a short bowstring made higher sounds, and a longer bowstring made lower sounds. But it is inconvenient to play on several bows, and the person pulled on the bow not one bowstring, but several. If you imagine this tool, you can find in it similarities with harp .
Thus there are three groups of musical instruments: percussion, wind and strings.
Today guys we will plunge into the world of music and musical instruments. Do you know what musical instruments are?
Musical instruments are objects with which a person can produce various sounds. The range of musical instruments is very large: it is the well-known piano, grand piano, wind instruments, organ, guitar, button accordion, harmonica accordion, and even spoons and more modern electronic synthesizers.
The first musical instrument appeared in the world at the same time as the man himself. And that tool was the man himself. Yes, yes, do not be surprised, everything is correct, a person has a voice that can make melodious sounds of different heights. And the first melody in the world was reproduced, of course, by a human voice. And in order for the melody to sound rhythmically, the person either clapped his hands or stomped measuredly. Clapping hands, stomping - why not percussive sounds?
For the ancient dance, rhythm was of great importance, so the dances were accompanied by clapping, tapping on various objects, and stomping. Therefore, rattles and drums became the oldest musical instruments, with the help of which the rhythm of the dance can be very clearly conveyed.
Initially, music was only church music and was performed in churches. Despite the prohibitions of the church, along with church rituals, church music, and singing, there were ritual folk performances accompanied by songs, dances, and playing folk musical instruments.
The first professional actors in Russia were buffoons. They also performed as singers, musicians, storytellers, performers of skits, animal trainers, acrobats as early as the 11th century. Representatives of the clergy and authorities expelled buffoons in every possible way, so in 1648, in the year of the wedding of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, a prohibition letter was issued stating that buffoons with domras, harps and bagpipes should not be called into the house. And in 1649, a decree was issued by Alexei Mikhailovich to the Verkhoturye governor, in which he was ordered to punish buffoons and destroy their tools.
In Ancient Russia, there are references not only to buffoons, but also to musical instruments such as a trumpet and a harp. During numerous wars, the trumpet and tambourines were used by the Russian troops as signal instruments.
The first musical instruments were made from animal bones - holes were hollowed out in them to blow air. Various percussion instruments were also widespread (mallet, rattle, rattle made from dried fruits with stones or pebbles inside, drum).
The appearance of the drum testified that people discovered the property of resonating empty objects. They began to use dried skin, stretching it over an empty vessel.
During excavations in Ukraine, scientists managed to find two bone mallets and a noisy inlaid bracelet of five bone plates, which were presented as musical instruments of that time.
Wind musical instruments used the extraction of sounds by blowing air. The material for them was reed stalks, reeds, even shells, and later - wood and metal. Such folk wind musical instruments as the whistle and flute became the prototypes of modern flutes.
It is believed that primitive people invented all kinds of musical instruments: percussion instruments were made from wood or bone, which were then covered with leather, strings from a stretched bowstring, wind instruments from hollow wood, tubular bone, and even from thick bird feathers.
Later, man invented wind instruments made from animal horns. From these primitive wind instruments, modern brass instruments have evolved. As man developed his musical sense, he began to use reeds and thus produced more natural and gentler sounds.
The first keyboard instrument was the clavichord, which is the ancient progenitor of the pianoforte.
The first image of the guitar was depicted in ancient times on the stones of the Egyptian pyramids, the ancient Egyptians called this instrument nabla. The guitar is a stringed plucked musical instrument of Spanish origin, which is a flat body with deep cuts on the sides and soundboards, of which the top one has a resonator hole, necks with a fingerboard equipped with metal frets, and heads with pegs that regulate the tension of the strings, most often metal or nylon guitars. Guitars come in six and seven strings. A bass guitar is an electric guitar that has a board and neck with a thin neck instead of an acoustic body, on which there are 20 frets. This model was developed in the early fifties, the most common is four-string, but there are five-, six- and eight-strings.
Gusli is an ancient musical instrument. The Slavs played the harp back in the 11th century. Gusli are: voiced, plucked and keyboards.
Domra is a prototype of the Russian balalaika. The domra family includes: domra piccolo, domra small 3-string, domra small 4-string, domra alto, domra bass and domra double bass (very rare).
The first mention of the balalaika dates back to the end of the 17th century. The modern balalaika, or rather the whole family of balalaikas, was made by Andreev together with Paserbsky and Nalimov .. The balalaika is a true symbol of the Russian people.
The violin is a stringed bowed musical instrument. The history of music considers that the violin in its most perfect form arose in the 16th century. In the 16th century, two main types of bowed instruments clearly emerged: viola and violin.
The very first Italian violin makers were Gasparo Bertolotti (or "da Salo" (1542-1609) and Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632), both from Brescia, in northern Italy. But very soon Cremona became the world center of violin production. And , of course, the members of the Amati family (Andrea Amati - the founder of the Cremonese school) and Antonio Stradivari (a student of Nicolo Amati, who perfected the look and sound of the violin) are considered the most outstanding and unsurpassed masters of the violin. family; his best violins surpass those of Stradivari in their warmth and sonority of tone) completes this great triumvirate. The first violins in their fully completed form appeared in Moscow, apparently, only at the beginning of the 18th century.
The simplest accordion is separated from the modern button accordion by only a few decades. The name comes from the name of the legendary ancient Russian singer, the first mention of which was found in the "Tale of Igor's Campaign". Bayan belongs to a large group of instruments - harmonicas. The chromatic harmonica was made at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, which was called the button accordion.
The accordion is one of the most accomplished varieties of chromatic harmonica with a piano-style right-hand keyboard. In many countries, the accordion has gained particular popularity among folk music performers. In some countries, it is customary to call accordions all hand harmonicas - both with keys and with buttons, a reed musical instrument. It has two keyboards: right - piano and left - push-button (with a system of basses and chords) for accompaniment.
The first mentions of horn playing date back to the 17th century. The horn has different names: shepherd's, Russian, song.
The first mention of zhaleika dates back to the end of the 18th century. There are two types of zhaleika - single and double.
Svirel is a Russian double-barreled longitudinal flute. The chroniclers use three names for instruments of this type: flute, snot, and forefinger. The mention of the flute dates back to the end of the 11th century.
Clarinet is a woodwind musical instrument.
Kuvikly (kuvikly, kuvichki) is a Russian variety of a multi-barreled flute (Pan's flute). In Russian kuvikla, each pipe has its own name: hoot, podguden, medium, and the smallest - five. A set of five pipes in the hands of one performer is called a pair.
Ocarina - a type of whistling vessel-shaped flute, mainly ceramic whistles.
Bambula is a percussion musical instrument, a musical instrument of African-American origin, widespread among black residents of New Orleans in the first half of the 19th century, is a drum in the form of a bamboo barrel with cowhide stretched over it, from the family of membranophones.
The banjo is a stringed plucked musical instrument, exported at the end of the 16th century. from West Africa to the southern states of the USA, is a small flat drum with an elongated neck attached to it, on which strings are stretched.
The number of strings can be from 4 to 9.
Drum - percussion musical, has the form of a cylinder, covered on one or both sides with leather or plastic film with metal hoops, on which there are screws that adjust the pitch. Bass saxophone - first used in the twenties by Adrian Rollini. A scourge cracker is a percussion wooden musical instrument, it consists of two narrow planks, one of which has a handle, and the second, pressed against the first by means of a spring, is fixed at the lower end above the handle on a hinge. Bongos are a percussion musical instrument of Latin American origin,
consists of two one-sided small drums of different diameters, but identical in height, tightly connected to each other by a wooden block, which determines the different pitches of their sound.
Bells - a percussion metal musical instrument, is a hollow round metal bells made of thin brass up to 8 cm in circumference, attached to a wire ring or handle.
Inside each bell there is an object that freely rolls there (a pea, a lead shot, a round pebble). When shaken, the bells emit a high, light tinkling sound. The horn is a brass wind musical instrument.
Vibraphone - percussion metal musical instrument consists of two rows of metal plates mounted on a special high table on the principle of a piano keyboard with a chromatic scale.
Under each plate is a metal resonator cylinder, inside which is placed an impeller driven by an electric motor. The sound is extracted by striking reed sticks 35-40 centimeters long with rubber, felt or felt heads. The cello is a stringed bowed musical instrument. The oboe is a woodwind reed musical instrument.
Gong - a percussion metal musical instrument from a family of Asian origin, is a convex, large-diameter disk made of a special alloy with edges bent at a right angle, freely suspended on a cord from a rack or frame. The oboe is played with a special beater with a felt tip.
Horn is the common name for brass instruments. The harmonica is a wind reed musical instrument designed in 1821 by the Berlin musical instrument maker Franz Buschmann. Guiro is a percussion wooden musical instrument of Latin American origin, it is a dried fruit of an oblong pumpkin with transverse notches cut on top and a hole in the bottom for sound resonance, it is also made from animal horn, dense varieties of wood or other hard material. The sound is extracted using a thin faceted wooden stick. A wooden box is a percussion wooden musical instrument of Chinese origin, it is a small rectangular bar made of sonorous varieties of well-dried wood with a recess in the form of a longitudinal slot on a long side wall. They play on a wooden box with a snare drum stick. Jag - a primitive Negro musical instrument, is an earthenware jug with a narrow neck, which is used as a resonator when singing, holding it in your hands and putting it to your mouth. The kabatza is a percussion wooden musical instrument of Afro-Brazilian origin, it is twice the size of a maracas and is a dried pumpkin fruit or a hollow ball wrapped in a net with beads strung on it.
They play only one instrument, holding it by the handle in their left hand and hitting it with a half-open right palm, or they scroll a grid with beads with a tangential movement of the palm. In Brazil, it is used instead of maracas. Castanets - a percussion wooden musical instrument of Mauro-Andalusian origin, consists of two shell-shaped plates, made of hard wood, loosely connected by a cord ... passed through holes in the upper part.
A loop is made from the same lace, into which the thumb is inserted, and with the rest of the fingers the performer alternately taps on one of the pieces of wood, forcing it to click on the other. Cow Bell is a percussion metal musical instrument from a family of Latin American origin, is an ordinary cow bell, has the appearance of an oblong, slightly flattened bell without a tongue, 10-15 centimeters long, made of brass or sheet copper.
Bells - a percussion metal musical instrument of Asian origin, is a two-row set of duralumin or steel plates of different lengths, tuned according to the principle of a piano keyboard and loosely mounted on a wooden frame, which is placed in a small flat box, most often trapezoidal. The bells are played with two wooden, metal or plastic mallets. Conga is a percussion musical instrument of indeterminate pitch of the membranophone family of African origin, has the shape of either an elongated barrel, slightly narrowed downwards, or a cylinder gradually tapering downwards with skin stretched from above.
The height of the conga is 70-80 centimeters, the diameter is 22-26 centimeters. This instrument is played with fingers or palms, hanging over the shoulder with a belt. The double bass is a stringed bowed musical instrument, it is an accompanying instrument, it performs the function of a bass voice.
Xylophone is a percussion wooden musical instrument, it is a set of rosewood records of various lengths, arranged along the contour of a trapezoid and tuned according to the principle of a piano keyboard. The records are interconnected with a vein or silk cord and are placed on a special table during the game.
They play the xylophone by striking the records with special light sticks. The timpani is a percussion musical instrument of a certain pitch from the family of membranophones, it is an aluminum, brass or copper case in the shape of a cauldron, on which the skin is stretched with a hoop. Adjustment of the tool is carried out by 6 screws located on the hoop. They play the timpani with light sticks that end with heads made of cotton wool, sponge or cork.
Maracas - a percussion paired musical instrument of Latin American origin, is a dried fruit of a coconut, pumpkin or small melon with a handle and filled with pebbles, dry grains of olives or sand. Modern maracas are made from thin-walled wooden, metal or plastic balls and filled with peas or shot. The sound is extracted by shaking and is characterized by a sharp rustling.
Marimba is a percussion wooden musical instrument of African origin, is a type of xylophone and has metal resonator tubes. It is played with rosewood sticks with hard, medium and soft heads. Organ is a keyboard-wind musical instrument. It is believed that the organ (hydraulo - “water organ”) was invented by the Greek Ctesibius, who lived in Alexandria of Egypt in 296-228. BC e. The image of a similar tool is available on one coin or token from the time of Nero. Large organs appeared in the 4th century, more or less improved organs in the 7th and 8th centuries. Pope Vitalian (666) introduced the organ into the Catholic Church. In the 8th century, Byzantium was famous for its organs.
The art of building organs also developed in Italy, from where they were sent to France in the 9th century. Later this art developed in Germany. The organ began to receive the greatest and ubiquitous distribution in the XIV century. In the 14th century, a pedal appeared in the organ, that is, a keyboard for the feet. Medieval organs, in comparison with later ones, were of crude workmanship; a manual keyboard, for example, consisted of keys with a width of 5 to 7 cm, the distance between the keys reached one and a half cm. They hit the keys not with fingers, as now, but with fists. In the 15th century, the keys were reduced and the number of pipes increased. Pandeira is a percussion musical instrument, consisting of a quadrangular wooden frame with a rail in the middle, turning into a handle. Between the sides of the frame and the rail, 4-8 pairs of brass plates 4-5 cm in diameter are inserted, mounted on metal rods.
Plectrum (mediator) - a wooden, bone, metal or plastic plate, with the help of which sound is extracted on plucked instruments. A whistle is a musical instrument consisting of a metal tube, at one end of which there is a mouthpiece, and on the other side a piston with a handle is inserted. As the piston moves, the pitch of the sound produced changes. Synthesizer - a universal electronic musical instrument, is a complex combination of many functional units that the performer controls using a special electronic device that generates signals and consists of a keyboard and remote control. It allows you to imitate the sound of various instruments.
Saxophone - The first saxophone was created by the Belgian musical master Adolphe Sax in Paris in 1842. This first instrument had all the characteristics of a modern saxophone: it had a metal conical body, a mouthpiece that was borrowed from the clarinet, a single reed and Theobald Boehm's annular valve system. The saxophone had a "serpentine" shape.
Tambourine is a percussion musical instrument consisting of a narrow wooden shell in the form of a hoop about 5 centimeters wide, covered with leather on one side and small, freely dangling cymbals (less often bells or bells), arranged in pairs, which are mounted on metal rods and fixed in the slots of the hoop. When playing the tambourine, the cymbals hit each other, tinkling rhythmically.
Tam-tam is a percussion metal musical instrument, a kind of gong, of Asian origin. Cymbals - a percussion metal musical instrument, is a monolithic rounded discs made of a special alloy, with a bulge in the form of a cup in the middle, in the center of which there is a small round hole. The secret of making real Turkish cymbals has been owned for more than 350 years by a Turkish family that founded a music company. The cymbals are installed in a freely suspended state on special brackets attached to the bass drum, or on stands. They play on cymbals with snare drum sticks, as well as timpani or panicles.
Temple block is a percussion wooden musical instrument, made of hard wood, has a round, pear-shaped shape, hollow inside, with a deep characteristic slit-like cut in the middle.
Timbales - a percussion musical instrument, consists of two small, resembling bongos, one-sided drums, the same height and different in size with a brass or copper body. The drums are interconnected by a small block and mounted on a vertical holder. Timbales are played with snare drum sticks and fingers. Tom-tom is a percussion musical instrument from the family of membranophones of Chinese origin, it has the form of a cylinder covered on one or both sides with leather or plastic film using metal hoops with screws on them that adjust the pitch. Unlike the snare drum, the tom-tom is always without springs, but most often has a muffler. The tom is played with snare drum sticks, sticks with soft mallets or whisks.
Triangle - a percussion metal musical instrument, is a rod made of iron or chrome-plated steel with a cross section of about 1 centimeter, bent in the form of an open equilateral triangle. Triangles are suspended in a free state by a hook on a fishing line or held in the left hand. They play on a triangle with a steel stick without a handle 22 centimeters long, which is held in the right hand.
Ratchet - a percussion musical instrument, is a wooden gear mounted on a wooden or metal rod (connected to the handle on one side) and placed in a small wooden box.
The sound is extracted by rotation. Jumping from one tooth to another, the plate emits a characteristic dry crackle. Trombone is a brass musical instrument. The appearance of the trombone dates back to the 15th century. It is generally accepted that the direct predecessors of this instrument were rocker pipes, when playing on which the musician had the opportunity to move the pipe of the instrument, obtaining a chromatic scale. In 1839, the Leipzig music master Kristan Zatler invented the quarter valve, which made it possible to lower the sounds of the trombone by a fourth, which made it possible to extract sounds from the so-called "dead zone". The main principle of playing the trombone is to obtain harmonic consonances by changing the position of the lips and changing the length of the air column in the instrument, achieved using the backstage.
The trumpet is one of the oldest musical instruments. Mentions of the oldest instruments of this type date back to about 3600 BC. e. Pipes existed in many civilizations - in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient China and were used as signal instruments. The trumpet played this role for many centuries until the 17th century. In the Middle Ages, trumpeters were obligatory members of the army, only they could quickly convey the order of the commander to other parts of the army that were at a distance with the help of a signal. The art of playing the trumpet was considered "elite", it was taught only to specially selected people. In peacetime, trumpets sounded at festive processions, knightly tournaments, in large cities there was a position of "tower" trumpeters who announced the arrival of a high-ranking person, a change in the time of day (thus acting as a kind of clock), the approach of an enemy army and other events .
Tubular bells - a percussion metal musical instrument of a certain pitch, consisting of two rows of brass, copper or steel of small diameter and different lengths, freely suspended on a special frame and arranged in chromatic sequence. The sound is extracted by striking the upper edge of the corresponding pipe with a wooden mallet with a barrel-shaped head, covered with leather or rubber bands. Tuba is a brass musical instrument that performs the function of a bass. The first attempts to create a low register brass instrument date back to the second quarter of the 19th century. Prior to this, this function was performed by a serpent (serpent means "snake"). The first tuba-like instrument was made in Berlin in 1835 by Moritz, following the instructions of the court musician W. Wiprecht. The tuba owes its modern look to the Belgian musical master Adolf Sax. A few years after its creation, the "German imperfection" came to him. He experimentally selected the necessary scale ratios for the instrument, the length of the sounding column of the instrument and achieved excellent sonority.
The tubaphone is a percussion musical instrument, similar in design to bells, but instead of plates, the sound source is metal tubes of various sizes, located on straw rollers and interconnected by a vein, strings or a silk cord. certain pitch. Appeared almost simultaneously with the vibraphone.
The ukulele is a stringed plucked musical instrument that first appeared in the Hawaiian Islands. It is a small four-string guitar.
Washboard is a percussion instrument, which is an ordinary washboard. The washboard is played with thimbled fingers.
The flute is one of the oldest musical instruments; official sources date its appearance to 35,000-40,000 years BC. But perhaps this amazing musical instrument is much earlier. The prototype of the modern flute is an ordinary whistle, the sound of which appears when an air jet vibrates, which is cut against the sharp edge of a tree or other material, they were made of clay, stone, wood. They existed among most peoples as various signaling devices, children's toys and as musical instruments.
Later, holes were cut in the whistle tube, clamping which it was possible to adjust the pitch of the sound. Chromatic frets were formed with the help of finger combinations and by closing the holes by half or a quarter. Raising the sound by an octave occurred with the help of an increase in the strength and / or direction of breathing. Gradually, the whistle tube became longer, and there were more holes. Modern flutes are divided into several main types. The transverse flute was known in Egypt more than five thousand years ago and still remains the main wind instrument throughout the Middle East. In China, the transverse flute has been known for more than three thousand years, in India and Japan for more than two thousand years. In Russia, the flute was a kind of longitudinal flute, but it is not possible to date its appearance. Flexatone is a percussion metal musical instrument.
Appeared in the early twenties of the twentieth century in France. It is a small steel plate, narrowed towards the end, on a wire frame. The narrow end of the plate is bent, and flat steel rods are attached to it on both sides, at the end of which two solid wooden or metal balls oscillate freely.
The flugelhorn is a brass musical instrument. The piano is a stringed, percussion-keyboard musical instrument that performs melodic, harmonic and rhythmic functions.
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, piano music became very popular in barrel houses, where many talented pianists played, later famous jazz musicians. Piano art reaches its most intensive flourishing in the second half of the twenties. And in our time, the piano is the most common musical instrument.
Cylindrical box - a percussion wooden musical instrument, which is a hollow wooden tube with slots along the edges. In the middle, the tube is covered with a metal sleeve with a clamp, with the help of which the instrument is attached to the big drum, and it is played with sticks from the snare drum.
The Charleston is a percussion metal musical instrument invented by
drummer Vic Burton and designed by Kaiser Marshall in the second half of the twenties. Charleston is a special device mounted on a tripod device, on top of which plates (about 35 centimeters in diameter) are attached one under the other in a horizontal position, facing each other with their inner sides. The lower cymbal is fixedly attached to a metal rod passed through a 70 cm long pipe and connected to the pedal at the bottom. Celesta is a percussion-keyboard musical instrument, which is a wooden case (similar to a small piano), in which a piano mechanism with felt-covered hammers is mounted.
Chocalo is a percussion metal musical instrument of indefinite pitch from the family, which is a cylinder filled with some kind of bulk material - shot or grains.
When played, the chocalo is held with both hands in a vertical or horizontal position and shaken, rotated, or tapped on the body with the fingers. Power tools are musical instruments in which sound vibrations obtained mechanically are amplified and then fed into the acoustic system. The idea of creating power tools belongs to the Soviet scientist Lev Termen, who designed such a tool back in 1920. The first practical power tool was the organ, designed by the American Lawrence Hammond in 1929, and the mass production of organ began in 1935.
In the second half of the thirties, an electric guitar appeared, and then a violin, bass guitar and piano, a grand piano, and with the development of electronics, more and more new musical instruments appear with stereo effects and surround sound and a huge range of reproducible sounds.